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چکیده
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During the constitutional period, a part of the Kurdistan people were rural and did not have any ties to the Kurdish tribes; they were in the minority in comparison with the nomadic population. The political and social awareness of the villagers was at a very low level. They did not understand the complexities of the landowners' relationships; so, they thought their masters were the most powerful. For the villagers, like the urban people, their security was very important more than anything else. The immediate danger that threatened them was the nomadic attacks. Therefore, they expected the masters be their defender. The local bureaucrats also were the village owners; they controlled, in addition to the relative political domination of the province, most of the villages and their peasants. These landowners did not allow their peasants to engage in political and constitutional activities. Although the main concern of the villagers was the struggle against the greed of the landowner’s agents and enforcers and the frequent attacks of the tribesmen. The agents and officers were the representatives of the landowners in the village. Landowners did not have the possibility of rebelliousness in the villages due to political and administrative concerns; therefore, their agents were oppressive to the villagers. One of the most important reasons for buying villages by bureaucrats and landlords was the continuous tax revenues, in addition to increasing power and wealth and influence. The amount of tax was different according to the capacity and population of the villages. Due to the unfavorable social and political context of the region, the Kurdistan villagers did not contribute to the constitutional movement. On the other hand, the constitutionalism in changing the villager’s situation not only was not beneficial, but also the conditions of their life became harder. In view of the crises of the years after the Constitutional Revolution and the WWI, the masters and landowners
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