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Abstract
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Recent advances in miniaturized sensing devices have led to the design of integrated analytical devices. Nowadays, miniaturized sensors are highly desired for real-time and fast-response measurements in environmental monitoring. Being specific/selective, economical, and practical, electrochemical sensors are advantageous in many fields such as environmental monitoring specifically for electrochemical detection in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems for easy fabrication, integration as well as miniaturization of electrodes. Classification of electrochemical sensing depends on the prominent change that takes place upon the interaction of the analyte and the sensing compound in the testing process such as current-based sensing, charge accumulation-based, and electrical conductivity-based sensing as well as impedimetric sensing in which a chemical or biological event inflicts a change in the impedance at the electrode surface. Electrochemical LOC devices measure electrical parameters such as current, voltage, impedance, and conductivity by one of the electrochemical methods developed for the intended application. Major highlights of recent advances and the development of LOC devices commonly used for environmental monitoring have been discussed in this chapter.
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