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Title
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Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies
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Type
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JournalPaper
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Keywords
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alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; apoptosis; autophagy; unfolded protein response; bioengineering; tumor stiffness; autophagy
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Abstract
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Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer arising in skeletal muscle that typically impacts children and young adults. It is a worldwide challenge in child health as treatment outcomes for metastatic and recurrent disease still pose a major concern for both basic and clinical scientists. The treatment strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without ionization radiotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we first provide a detailed clinical understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma including its classification and subtypes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Later, we focus on chemotherapy strategies for this childhood sarcoma and discuss the impact of three mechanisms that are involved in the chemotherapy response including apoptosis, macro-autophagy, and the unfolded protein response. Finally, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models of rhabdomyosarcoma to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration.
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Researchers
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Saeid Ghavami (Not In First Six Researchers), Joseph W. Gordon (Not In First Six Researchers), Stevan Pecic (Not In First Six Researchers), Gorka Orive (Not In First Six Researchers), Susan Logue (Not In First Six Researchers), Mazaher Ahmadi (Not In First Six Researchers), Arezoo Khosravi (Not In First Six Researchers), Bahattin Koc (Not In First Six Researchers), Ali Fallah (Not In First Six Researchers), Kiavash Hushmandi (Not In First Six Researchers), Atefeh Zarepour (Not In First Six Researchers), Nilufer Cakir (Not In First Six Researchers), Benjamin Lindsey (Not In First Six Researchers), Marek J. Los (Not In First Six Researchers), Tayyebeh Madrakian (Not In First Six Researchers), Mohsen Taheri (Not In First Six Researchers), Peiman Koleini (Not In First Six Researchers), Seyed Mohammadreza Bolandi (Not In First Six Researchers), Saba Afifi (Not In First Six Researchers), Philip Kawalec (Not In First Six Researchers), Jakub Rosik (Not In First Six Researchers), Filip Machaj (Not In First Six Researchers), Bhavya Bhushan (Not In First Six Researchers), Parvaneh Mehrbod (Not In First Six Researchers), Serap Sezen (Fifth Researcher), Micah Sommer (Fourth Researcher), Mahboubeh Kavoosi (Third Researcher), d p (Second Researcher), Ali Zarrabi (First Researcher)
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