|
Abstract
|
Eighteen post-emergence herbicides belonging to group A herbicides have been registered to date (WSSA 2010). They can inhibit the biosynthesis of fatty acids in the chloroplasts of grassy species by interfering with the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity, resulting in the disruption of cell growth and division, leading to plant death (Cobb and Reade 2010). Of this group, cycloxydim, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, and quizalofop are registered to control grassy weeds in canola in Iran. The first two herbicides at the recommended dose of the label (120 and 375 g ha-1 for cycloxydim and sethoxydim, respectively) are effective to control wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.) (Aliverdi and Karami 2020), an annual winter grass found mainly in the Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, Northern Asia, and Africa (Jakob et al. 2014). It is primarily a serious threat in wheat, causing yield loss of up to 75% at a density of 160 plants m−2 (Hamidi and Mazaheri 2012). Since there is no suitable chemical management against wild barley in wheat, a wheat-canola rotation can make it possible for farmer to control it chemically in canola.
|