Background and aim: Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles involved in cellto-cell communication and play an important role in various physiological processes, including immune regulation and cancer progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are known to influence exosome biogenesis. TLR signaling and exosome production may be provided to how cancer cells manipulate immune responses for tumor growth. Methods: This study is a review study by searching scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Embase from 2016 to 2024 by using the keywords Toll-Like Receptor, Exosome, Cancer, 79 articles were extracted and analyzed. Results: TLR activation, particularly by TLR3 and TLR4, has been shown to regulate exosome biogenesis by influencing intracellular trafficking mechanisms. In cancer cells, TLR-mediated exosome release often leads to the promotion of the immune response and enhances the suppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment. Studies have also demonstrated that these exosomes contain cancer-related signaling molecules that can promote metastasis and resistance to therapy. Conclusion: The link between TLR signaling and exosome biogenesis suggests a possible mechanism by which tumors exploit immune pathways to promote their growth and spread. Targeting TLR-mediated exosome production may offer new therapeutic strategies to prevent cancer progression. However, further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and to translate these findings into clinical applications. Understanding the dual role of TLRs in both cancer progression and immune activation is key to development of new therapeutic strategies.
