pollutants. However, the use of photocatalytic nanoparticles in real-world applications faces several challenges, including a tendency to clump together and issues with separating and reclaiming them. Of the various strategies for securing nanoparticles to a substrate, photocatalytic coatings have emerged as a promising solution to overcome the common limitations associated with powdered forms. The process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was employed to create oxide layers on aluminum (Al), thereby improving its surface attributes for photocatalytic activity (PA).
