Zirconium (Zr) and its alloys are widely utilized in orthopedic, dental and replacement of hard tissue implants owing to their high biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and low elastic modulus. The low elastic moduli of zirconium alloys reduce stresses in joint and bone implants that results in higher bone growth and implant stability. High corrosion resistance is ascribed to the formation of an oxide layer (ZrO2) on the surface of these alloys; however, this oxide layer is thin and not sufficient for durable medical applications. Zirconia is also used as a neutral (Bioinert) material.
