Abstract Environmental pollution with petroleum is a global disaster. Bioremediation of oil contamination in soils is based on the stimulation of petroleum hydrocarbon- degrading fungal and microbial communities. Prior researches showed that there are some petroleum-resistant plants and their root associated fungal strains which grow in petroleum polluted soils. Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae) is one of these, that was collected from both Kermanshah and Arak refineries polluted sites in Iran. The root associated fungi of the plant were determined and results showed the presence of 6 species which were associated with the roots of the plants growing in the polluted areas but only three of them were found in non-polluted soils. Culturing of fungi in oil-contaminated media showed that all the studied fungi were resistant to low petroleum pollution (1 % w/w) and a few species, especially Fusarium species, showed higher resistance to petroleum pollution (10 % w/w) and it seems that they may be suitable for bioremediation in highly polluted areas. Bioremediation tests with A. retroflexus, with and without fungal strains, showed that application of both plant and its root associated fungal strains was more effective than plant and fungi separately. Results indicated that fungal strains had the main role in bioremediation of petroleum polluted soils but plant roots enhance the process.
