Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a medicinal species from Anacardiaceae family which grows naturally in Iran and its fruit is spice and has healing property [1]. In present study¸ six endemic populations of R. coriaria (including 60 samples) from five provinces were investigated. ISSRs (Inter simple sequence repeats) were used for surveying genetic diversity and population structure of sumac. In total¸ 21 used primers produced 190 band, of which 132 (69.4%) were polymorphic. Individual plants were clustered into five groups based on Jacquard genetic similarity matrix, Using NTSYS-pc software and UPGMA method. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) confirmed the accuracy of clustering results. POPGENE software was used to describe genetic variation within populations according to Shannon's index and Nie's gene diversity analysis. Genetic diversity within populations of Asad-Abad and Shazand were the most and the least respectively. The average observed number of allels to the effective number of allels (Na/Ne) was calculated to be 93%, which showed that the gene distribution were balanced in each population. Moreover¸ GeneAlex and POPGENE softwares were used to analyse genetic diversity and molecular variance (AMOVA) among populations. Gst and Nm indexes average of populations were accounted 0.615 and 0.315¸ respectively¸ indicating a low gene exchange among six sumac populations. Molecular variance analysis of the populations showed that genetic diversity among and within the populations were 62% and 38%¸ respectively. According to the results, Nie's genetic similarity ranged between 0.81-0.89¸ the most similarity was observed between Asad-Abad and Toysekan, and the least one was between Ilam and Toyserkan. After analysis of genetic structure of the populations using STRUCTURE software¸ they were divided into 5 groups. In spite of over-collecting from natural habitats¸ the results of this study revealed a high variation among the investigated populations. ISSR marker could b
